What Are Listed Buildings?

What are the criteria for listing buildings?

The Secretary of State is required to include in the List buildings of special architectural or historic interest. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport's 'Principles of Selection for Listed Buildings' document (2018) sets out the statutory criteria and general principles for assessing and considering whether a building is of special architectural or historic interest.

Special historic interest is about the connection between the building and the people who use or have used it, the things that happen or have happened there, the ideas developed there, or the role that the building played in the nation's history. These aspects may not be obvious at first glance so it is helpful if they are explained in an application for listing. Our guidance on Understanding Special Historic Interest in Listing provides advice on how we might assess a building's special historic interest, as well as examples to illustrate the historic interest of different buildings.

Special architectural interest is about the design and construction of a building, the aspects that we can see and understand when we look at a building. A well-known architect might have designed a building, it might be architecturally distinct, or it might be a good example of a style from a particular period or part of the country. Sometimes, a building might be a rare example or of modest design and construction, ensuring we have a sample of all different types of buildings on the NHLE, including building types that were once everyday and commonplace. Guidance is available on a wide range of building types in our series of Listing Selection Guides. The guides provide advice on what we might look at when considering an application to list a particular type of building, as well as a brief history of that building type.

Looking after listed buildings

Listed buildings can be enjoyed and used like any other building. Listing does not prevent all changes or freeze a building in time; it simply means that listed building consent must be applied for in order to make any changes to that building which might affect its character as a building of special interest. Listing status covers the entire building, so works requiring consent might include replacing windows and internal alterations, for example.

In making a decision on all listed building consent applications, the Local Planning Authority must have special regard for the desirability of preserving the building or its setting, or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses. The Local Planning Authority can also consider other issues, such as the building's function or condition.

You can find out more about living in and caring for an older property on these pages:

• How to Look After an Older Home
• Making Changes to Listed Buildings

Carrying out works to a listed building without listed building consent is a criminal offence. It may also be necessary to apply for planning permission in addition to listed building consent in order to carry out works to a listed building.

A List entry contains a description of each building to aid identification. However, the amount of information in the description varies considerably depending on when it was listed.

Find out more: Understanding List Entries

How are listed buildings graded?

Buildings can be listed at Grade II, II* or I.

• Grade I buildings are of exceptional interest. Only around 2.5% of listed buildings are Grade I
• Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest. Around 5.8% of listed buildings are Grade II*
• Grade II buildings are of special interest. Around 91.7% of all listed buildings are in this clas,s and it is the most likely grade of listing for a homeowner

Interesting examples

• One of the tallest listed buildings (measuring in at a huge 330 metres tall) is the Arqiva Tower, previously known as the ITA Transmitting Tower. It was built between 1969 and 1971 to designs by Ove Arup and Partners and towers over Emley Moor in West Yorkshire
• Some unusual examples of listed buildings include:
  • A fish-shaped RNLI collection box
  • A 19th century urinal in Westminster
  • An Italianate former cattery at Battersea Dogs and Cats Home
  • The quirky dinosaur sculptures at Crystal Palace Park
• One of the oldest listed buildings is also the oldest church in England. The Church of St Martin in Canterbury, Kent has fabric dating back to the 7th century
• One of the more unusually shaped buildings on the NHLE, the complex geometric design of the 1960s Plastic Classroom at Kennington Primary School, Lancashire, was designed to embrace new teaching methods. Nicknamed 'the bubble', this quirky design was a prototype and made early use of computer-aided design (CAD)
• Brick is a common construction material in England, and the NHLE includes several of the world's top 10 largest brick-built buildings. The third largest is London's St Pancras Station, followed by Battersea Power Station in fourth place. Built in 1900, the fifth-placed tobacco warehouse at Stanley Docks in Liverpool is also the largest brick-built warehouse in the world, constructed using 27 million bricks!